Tuesday, 27 October 2015

Genetic Resources in Agriculture (chap 4) Part 2

Let us talk about the issues in oil palm!       
Currently 86% of the world’s supply of palm oil comes from large industrial plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia. We know that there are so many things made by palm oil. One of them is RUBBER. Unfortunately, palm oil production is a leading cause of deforestation; in Indonesia alone, the palm oil industry deforests an area the size of Rhode Island every year.
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EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION
Loss of endangered species
Road networks that are constructed to allow palm oil plantation workers and equipment access to the forest also increase accessibility of these areas to poachers that are looking for these kinds of valuable animals. This allows poachers to comfortably drive to an area to sit and wait for their target where previously they may have had to trek through inaccessible areas of forest.
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•The livelihood of millions of local people threatened.
With plantations systematically destroying the rainforest land that the local people depend on, communities are continuously finding themselves with no choice but to become plantation workers. Faced with poor and degrading working conditions, they often earn barely enough income to survive and support their families. Instead of being able to sustain themselves, indigenous communities become reliant on the success of the palm oil industry for their income and survival, leaving these villagers incredibly vulnerable to the world market price of palm oil which they have no control over.

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Climate change will be at alarming rate
 The removal of the native forests often involves the burning of invaluable timber and remaining forest undergrowth, emitting immense quantities of smoke into the atmosphere and making Indonesia the third highest greenhouse gas emitter in the world.
               


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NEW SOURCE OF GROWTH
The climate for growth in the 21st century is also changing, as resource pressures push up costs, and businesses are more closely scrutinized amid changing expectations about their public and social responsibilities. Although such responses seem rational, history tells us that it is better in hard times to actively seek out opportunities for growth. Recession is never uniform, and it always creates the potential for disruptive shifts in the structure of markets and the relative income of different groups of consumers. It often accelerates existing shifts in values. It encourages technological innovation.
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There is no broad-brush solution which unlocks the potential for growth in the short term. But in the medium to long term, major changes in the wider business environment could rewrite the rules in some business sectors and categories— or even remove them from the landscape completely. Change is likely to come quickly and disruptively, and growth opportunities will emerge as sustainability becomes a more present issue in all our lives.




Sunday, 25 October 2015

Agriculture Practices in Malaysia (chap 5)

Agricultural Practices in Malaysia

Historical development of Malaysian agriculture

1.       Pre-independence (interest of British colonist)
·         Rubber plantations, tea, cocoa, coffee (commercial agriculture)
·         Malays were involved in the production of rice fruits and other crops (subsistence agriculture)




2.      Post-independence (1957 - 1970)
·      Government set up FELDA  & FELCRA)
·         Huge land to be cultivated with plantation crops

·         Smallholders switched subsistence crops  à cash crops


3.      New economic policy (1970 – 1984)
·         Address income disparity between races
·         1984 – Malaysia was top producers for
o   Natural rubber (39.8%)
o   Palm oil (58.8%)

National agricultural policy
Malaysia's National Agricultural Policy was adopted in 1984 as an attempt to provide guidelines to help unify and direct efforts of all involved in agricultural development. Although the incidence of poverty in rural Malaysia has fallen in recent decades, its persistence among half the paddy households and between 30–40% of most other rural families, despite over 30 years of government efforts at its eradication, is forcing reviews of policies and options.
·         1ST NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY (NAP) – 1984 - 1991
·         2ND NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY – 1992 – 2010
o   Issues labour and capital competition with other sectors
o   Need to increase efficiency and productivity
§  3rd NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY  - 1998 – 2010
o   Introduced product based approach and erasing food security


Agricultural sites in Malaysia

Estates

Small holder


Industrial Crops in Malaysia

  • Oil palm
  • Rubber
  • Rice
  • Coconut
  • Cocoa
  • Coffe
  • Sugarcane
  • Tea
  • Fruits
  • Pineapples
  • Vegetables


LIVESTOCK
The main difference between ruminants and non-ruminants is that ruminants have stomachs with four chambers that release nutrients from food by fermenting it before digestion. Most ruminants, except llamas and camels, have hardened gums instead of upper front teeth, and all have split hooves.

Ruminant livestock
- highly commercialised
- contribution: poultry (67%), swine (25%)

Non-ruminant
- smallholders and low technology
-contribution: 8%







FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

  •   Farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants.
  •   Important supplier of animal protein
  •   Important commodity: prawn & seaweed
  •  Steady growth since 2000

Several culture practices and systems have already been successfully operated or are being developed in Malaysia. They are:

  • Cockle culture on coastal mudflats.
  • Freshwater fish culture in ponds, in ex-mining pool, concrete ponds and pen culture in inland wetlands or shallow lakes.
  • Freshwater fish culture in floating net-cages.
  • Brackish water/marine shrimp culture in brackish water ponds.
  • Marine fin-fish culture in floating net-cages.
  • Mussel culture using floating raft (off-bottom).
  • Oyster culture using floating raft and long lines.
  • Ornamental fish culture in ponds, tanks, aquaria and floating.
  • Net-cages.
  • Seaweed culture using the hanging method.

Tuesday, 20 October 2015

Genetic Resources In Agriculture (chap 4) Part 1

Center of Origin - A geographical area where a species (domesticated or wild), first developed its distinctive properties.

Six Independent Center of Crop Origin
- Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico, North Central America)
  - Maize, beans, sweet potato
- Andes & South America (Peru, Chile, Brazil)
  - Pineapple, groundnut, papaya
- Southeast Asia
  - Mango, nutmeg, banana
- China
  - Soybean, orange, apricot
- Africa
  - Oil palm, coffee, watermelon
- Southwest Asia (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Israel)
  - Wheat, oat, carrot







Origin & Distribution of Livestock, Poultry, Fish
- Several breeds or species of livestock, fish and poultry are reared since domestication.
- Breeders around the world develop the animals
- When men migrated, they brought animals with them and continue farming activities at new land.
- Genetic engineering and reproductive biotechnology.

Livestock & Center of Origin
- Beef Cattle Breed
- Dairy Cattle
- Goat & Sheep
- Poultry
- Fish (Aquaculture)


Germplasm
- A collection of genetic resources for an organism
- Worldwide collections of plant, animal & bacterial germplasm for use in breeding new organisms and conservation of existing species.

Biological Diversity (Biodiversity)
- Variability among living organisms
- Plant or animal diversity
- Terrestrial or marine
- Within species or between species


Three Aspects of Biodiversity
- Ecosytem diversity
  - Different diversity in variety of habitats, topography, elevation, natural vs agroecosystem
- Species diversity
  - Variety of living organisms
- Genetic diversity
  - The total of all the genetic information carried by individual organisms
  - Variation (diversity) of genes within a species

Genetic Resource Applications
- Agriculture production is increased through the use of improved genetic resources (new variety) created by altering the genetic constitution.
- Advantages
  - Increase in yield
  - Pest and disease resistance
  - Ecological tolerance
- Categories of Genetic Resources
  - Wild relatives
  - Weedy relatives
  - Primitive cultivars/landraces
  - Modern cultivars
  - Advanced breeding lines
  - Genes from other species

Conservation of genetic resources
- Techniques
  - In situ conservation (On site conservation)
  - Ex situ conservation (Off site conservation)

Threat to diversity & genetic resources
- Dying species
  - Domestication and use of modern varieties
  - Intentional damage (Wanton)
  - Natural extinctions as a result of competition and natural disasters